Franklin Delano Roosevelt (commonly referred to as FDR) served an unprecedented three full terms as U.S. president, plus part of a fourth term, up until he died in 1945 at age 63. He won a landslide victory over incumbent president Hoover in 1933 and is considered to be among the greatest of American presidents, but also was the object of substantial criticism. He brought in the “New Deal,” programs designed for relief and recovery from the Great Depression caused by the stock market crash of 1929, and he led the country through World War II, including the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. He initiated the development of the atom bomb, the formation of the United Nations, and such national programs as Social Security, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, and the Securities and Exchange Commission.